5 Ways Pain Shows Up Without Lameness

VIDEOS, PODCASTS, & LIGHT READING:

Purina Institute. Purina Fecal Scoring Chart. Published February 2024. https://www.purinainstitute.com/sites/default/files/2024-02/fecal-chart.pdf. Accessed February 6, 2026.

Postural Assessments: Free Guide Here

Sound Sensitivity Webinar- Transform Behavior

DEEPER READING:

Enteropathy Definition

Pain & Behavior Change:

Mills DS, Demontigny-Bédard I, Gruen M, Klinck MP, McPeake KJ, Barcelos AM, Hewison L, Van Haevermaet H, Denenberg S, Hauser H, et al. Pain and Problem Behavior in Cats and Dogs. Animals. 2020; 10(2):318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020318

Kwik J, De Keuster T, Bosmans T, Mottet J. Detection of maladaptive pain in dogs referred for behavioral complaints: challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2025;19:1569351. Published May 8, 2025. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1569351

Wiseman-Orr, M. L., Scott, E. M., Reid, J., & Nolan, A. M. (2006). Validation of a structured questionnaire as an instrument to measure chronic pain in dogs on the basis of effects on health-related quality of life. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 67(11), 1826-1836. Retrieved Feb 7, 2026, from https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.67.11.1826

Malkani R, Paramasivam S, Wolfensohn S. How does chronic pain impact the lives of dogs: an investigation of factors that are associated with pain using the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1374858. doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1374858

Monteiro BP, Lascelles BD, Murrell J, et al; WSAVA Global Pain Council. 2022 WSAVA guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain. J Small Anim Pract. 2023;64(4). doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13566

Reid J, Nolan AM, Scott EM. Measuring pain in dogs and cats using structured behavioural observation. Vet J. 2018;236(Suppl).DOI:10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.013

Pain & Physical Exam limitations:

Barnhard JA, Tringali AA, Caldwell NC, Webb KR, Levine D, Markley AP, Shoben A, Green MM, Brunke MW. Owner-reported outcomes indicate intra-articular 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel injection is well tolerated and reduces osteoarthritis signs in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2025 Sep 24:1-6. doi: 10.2460/javma.25.06.0398. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40997901.

Wiseman-Orr, M. L., Nolan, A. M., Reid, J., & Scott, E. M. (2004). Development of a questionnaire to measure the effects of chronic pain on health-related quality of life in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(8), 1077-1084. Retrieved Feb 7, 2026, from https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1077

Adrenaline as a Pain Reliever:

A. Antonis, M.L. Clark, R.L. Hodge, Margaret Molony, T.R.E. Pilkington, Receptor mechanisms in the hyperglyaemic response to adrenaline in man, The Lancet, Volume 289, Issue 7500, 1967, Pages 1135-1137, ISSN 0140-6736, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(67)91710-2.

Chareancholvanich K, Tantithawornwat S, Ruangsomboon P, Narkbunnam R, Chatmaitri S, Pornrattanamaneewong C. Efficacy of epinephrine in local infiltration analgesia on pain relief and opioid consumption following total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Orthop. 2023 Feb 28;94:97-101. doi: 10.2340/17453674.2023.8482. PMID: 36856569; PMCID: PMC9976710.

Adrenaline Fight-or-Flight:

NeuroLaunch Editorial Team. Adrenaline in the brain: the neuroscience of our fight-or-flight response.NeuroLaunch.com. Published September 30, 2024. https://neurolaunch.com/adrenaline-in-the-brain/

IMAGES USED:

Ngaio Health. Fascia-DD (Fascial Dysfunction): What It Means and How to Treat It.https://www.ngaiohealth.co.nz/fasciadd.html Accessed February 6, 2026